Status: Replaced by a new bridge
Location: 42.282992,-95.124067
Carries 350th Street over Boyer River
Design: truss/pony
Design Details: Pony truss
Total Length: 151.9 Feet
Span Length: 80.1 Feet
Overview: Lost pony truss bridge over Boyer River on 350th Street
History: Built 1931
Built: 1931
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
Status: Removed but not replaced
Location: 42.253853,-95.129161
Carries 370th Street over Boyer River
Design: truss/pony
Design Details: Pony truss
Total Length: 81.0 Feet
Span Length: 79.1 Feet
Overview: Lost pony truss bridge over Boyer River on 370th Street
History: Built 1919
Built: 1919
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
Status: No longer exists
Location: 42.414730,-95.160676
Carries 260th Street over Boyer River
Design: truss/pony
Design Details: Pony truss
Total Length: 98.0 Feet
Span Length: 95.0 Feet
Overview: Lost pony truss bridge over Boyer River on 260th Street
History: Built 1915; replaced 2005
Built: 1915
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
Status: Closed to all traffic
Location: 42.547121,-95.211356
Carries 170th Street over Boyer River
Design: truss/pony
Design Details: Pony truss
Total Length: 53.2 Feet
Span Length: 49.9 Feet
Overview: Pony truss bridge over Boyer River on 170th Street
History: Built 1915
Built: 1915
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
Status: Replaced by a new bridge
Location: 42.489007,-95.182664
Carries 210th Street over Boyer River
Design: truss/pony
Design Details: Pony truss
Total Length: 93.2 Feet
Span Length: 89.9 Feet
Overview: Pony truss bridge over Boyer River on 210th Street
History: Built 1916
Built: 1916
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
Status: Open to traffic
Location: 42.369544,-95.149449
Carries 290 St over Boyer River
Design: truss/pony/warren
Design Details: Warren pony truss
Total Length: 93.2 Feet
Span Length: 89.9 Feet
Overview: Pony truss bridge over Boyer River on 290 St
History: Built 1925
Built: 1925
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
146888
East Approach
Photo taken by David Backlin in September 2009
146889
Looking Northeast
Photo taken by David Backlin in September 2009
146890
West Approach
Photo taken by David Backlin in September 2009
146891
Looking Southwest
Photo taken by David Backlin in September 2009
225317
Looking NE
Photo taken by Clark Vance
225318
NE corner detail
Photo taken by Clark Vance in December 0000
Status: Replaced by a new bridge
Location: 42.444042,-94.915525
Carries Wadsley Avenue over Cedar Creek
Design: truss/pony
Design Details: Pony truss
Total Length: 87.9 Feet
Span Length: 85.0 Feet
Overview: Pony truss bridge over Cedar Creek on Wadsley Avenue
History: Built ca. 1920
Built: ca. 1920
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
Status: Open to traffic
Location: 42.503779,-95.328065
Carries CR M31 (Buchanan Avenue) over Halfway Creek
Design: truss/pony/warren/alt-verticals
Design Details: Warren pony truss with alternating verticals
Total Length: 47.9 Feet
Span Length: 44.9 Feet
Overview: Pony truss bridge over Halfway Creek on CR M31 (Buchanan Avenue)
History: Built 1918; rehabilitated 1950
Built: 1918
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
Status: Open to traffic
Location: 42.314117,-95.032697
Carries Quincy Ave over Indian Creek
Design: truss/pony/warren
Design Details: Warren pony truss
Total Length: 63.0 Feet
Span Length: 60.0 Feet
Overview: Pony truss bridge over Indian Creek on Quincy Ave in Lake View
History: Built 1928
Built: 1928
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
146886
South Approach
Photo taken by David Backlin in September 2009
146887
North Approach
Photo taken by David Backlin in September 2009
Status: No longer exists
Location: 42.221111,-95.148889
Carries Karr Avenue over Unnamed creek
Design: truss/pony
Design Details: Pony truss
Total Length: 42.0 Feet
Span Length: 40.0 Feet
Overview: Lost pony truss bridge over an unnamed creek on Karr Avenue
History: Built 1922; replaced 1999
Built: 1922
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
Status: No longer exists
Location: 42.311799,-95.225720
Carries Local road over Unnamed creek
Design: truss/pony
Design Details: Pony truss
Total Length: 42.0 Feet
Span Length: 40.0 Feet
Overview: Lost pony truss bridge over an unnamed creek on a local road
History: Built 1914; replaced 1999
Built: 1914
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
Status: No longer exists
Location: 42.316103,-95.250057
Carries Main Street over Odebolt Creek
Design: truss/pony
Design Details: Pony truss
Total Length: 37.0 Feet
Span Length: 36.0 Feet
Overview: Lost pony truss bridge over Odebolt Creek on Main Street in Odebolt
History: Built 1912; replaced 2003
Built: 1912
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
Status: Open to traffic
Location: 42.300882,-94.892272
Carries Xavier Avenue (Xavier Ave) over Raccoon River
Design: truss/pony/warren/verticals
Design Details: Warren pony truss with all verticals
Total Length: 180.1 Feet
Span Length: 89.9 Feet
Overview: Pony truss bridge over Raccoon River on Xavier Avenue (Xavier Ave)
History: Built 1921
Built: 1921
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
Status: Removed but not replaced
Location: 42.561133,-95.052346
Carries 660th Street over Raccoon River
Design: truss/pony
Design Details: Pony truss
Total Length: 159.1 Feet
Span Length: 79.1 Feet
Overview: Lost pony truss bridge over Raccoon River on 660th Street
History: Built 1954
Built: 1954
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
Status: Open to traffic
Location: 42.496219,-95.040791
Carries 205th Street over Raccoon River
Design: truss/pony/warren/verticals
Design Details: Warren pony truss with all verticals
Total Length: 91.9 Feet
Span Length: 88.9 Feet
Overview: Pony truss bridge over Raccoon River on 205th Street
History: Built ca. 1930
Built: ca. 1930
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
Status: Open to traffic
Location: 42.281865,-94.893577
Carries CR D54 (350th Street) over Raccoon River
Design: truss/pony/warren/verticals
Design Details: Warren pony truss with all verticals
Total Length: 170.9 Feet
Span Length: 85.0 Feet
Overview: Pony truss bridge over Raccoon River on CR D54 (350th Street)
History: Built ca. 1920
Built: ca. 1920
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
Status: Open to traffic
Location: 42.395251,-94.982494
Carries Sierra Avenue over Raccoon River
Design: truss/pony/warren/verticals
Design Details: Warren pony truss with all verticals
Total Length: 155.2 Feet
Span Length: 100.1 Feet
Overview: Pony truss bridge over Raccoon River on Sierra Avenue
History: Built 1924; rehabilitated 1998
Built: 1924
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
Status: Closed to all traffic
Location: 42.330122,-94.976929
Carries Taylor Avenue over Unnamed creek
Design: truss/pony/polygonal/verticals
Design Details: Polygonal Warren pony truss with all verticals
Total Length: 138.0 Feet
Span Length: 70.0 Feet
Overview: Pony truss bridge over an unnamed creek on Taylor Avenue
History:
Built:
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
Status: Open to traffic
Location: 42.305140,-94.994053
Carries Rolland Avenue over Ditch No 57
Design: truss/pony/pratt
Design Details: Pratt pony truss
Total Length: 42.0 Feet
Span Length: 40.0 Feet
Overview: Pony truss bridge over Ditch No 57 on Rolland Avenue
History: Built 1917
Built: 1917
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
Status: Open to traffic
Location: 42.320234,-95.322905
Carries Buchanan Avenue over Odebolt Creek
Design: truss/pony
Design Details: Pony truss
Total Length: 53.2 Feet
Span Length: 49.9 Feet
Overview: Pony truss bridge over Odebolt Creek on Buchanan Avenue
History: Built 1914
Built: 1914
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
Status: Replaced by a new bridge
Location: 42.547065,-95.174516
Carries 170th Street over Boyer Creek
Design: truss/pony
Design Details: Pony truss
Total Length: 42.0 Feet
Span Length: 40.0 Feet
Overview: Pony truss bridge over Boyer Creek on 170th Street
History: Built 1900
Built: 1900
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
Status: Open to traffic
Location: 42.500162,-95.347866
Carries Bettin Avenue (Bettin Ave) over Halfway creek
Design: truss/pony/warren/verticals
Design Details: Warren pony truss with all verticals
Total Length: 62.0 Feet
Span Length: 60.0 Feet
Overview: Pony truss bridge over an Halfway Creek on Bettin Avenue (Bettin Ave)
History: Built 1931
Built: 1931
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
Status: Open to traffic
Location: 42.315261,-95.252511
Carries Walnut Street over Odebolt Creek
Design: truss/pony/pratt
Design Details: Pratt pony truss
Total Length: 41.0 Feet
Span Length: 40.0 Feet
Overview: Pony truss bridge over Odebolt Creek on Walnut Street in Odebolt
History: Built 1912
Built: 1912
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
Status: Replaced by a new bridge
Location: 42.421746,-94.985518
Carries Main Street over Raccoon River
Design: arch/deck/closed
Design Details: Closed-spandrel arch
Total Length: 0.0 Feet
Span Length: 0.0 Feet
Overview: Lost Closed-spandrel arch bridge over Raccoon River on Main Street
History:
Built:
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
252543
Photo provided by Bree Ann Buckley
Status: Replaced by a new bridge
Location: 42.425991,-94.989488
Carries 5th Street over Raccoon River
Design: truss/pony
Design Details: Pony truss
Total Length: 0.0 Feet
Span Length: 0.0 Feet
Overview: Lost Pony truss bridge over Raccoon River on 5th Street
History:
Built:
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
Status: Removed
Location: 42.259335,-95.031390
Carries Railroad (IC) over Railroad (CNW)
Design: truss/through/pratt
Design Details: Pratt through truss
Total Length: 112.0 Feet
Span Length: 112.0 Feet
Overview: Lost Pratt through truss bridge over Railroad (CNW) on Railroad (IC)
History: Built 1899, Removed sometime after the 1990 aerial imagery was taken
Built: 1899
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
267561
Public Domain: Published Prior to 1923
441467
IC/CNW Bridge
Former location
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441468
IC/CNW Bridge
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441469
IC/CNW Bridge
Stone
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
Status: Open to traffic
Location: 42.259143,-95.033179
Carries Railroad (CN/IC) over Quincy Avenue
Design: slab
Design Details: Slab
Total Length: 0.0 Feet
Span Length: 0.0 Feet
Overview: Slab bridge over Quincy Avenue on Railroad (CN/IC)
History:
Built:
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
441470
CN Quincy Avenue Bridge
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441471
CN Quincy Avenue Bridge
West Abutment
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441472
CN Quincy Avenue Bridge
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441473
CN Quincy Avenue Bridge
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441474
CN Quincy Avenue Bridge
West Abutment
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441475
CN Quincy Avenue Bridge
Pier
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441476
CN Quincy Avenue Bridge
East Abutment
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441477
CN Quincy Avenue Bridge
East Span
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441478
CN Quincy Avenue Bridge
West Span
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441479
CN Quincy Avenue Bridge
Deterioration
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441480
CN Quincy Avenue Bridge
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441481
CN Quincy Avenue Bridge
Looking West
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441482
CN Quincy Avenue Bridge
Looking East
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441483
CN Quincy Avenue Bridge
Looking East
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441484
CN Quincy Avenue Bridge
Looking East
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
Status: Open to traffic
Location: 42.300214,-95.211028
Carries Railroad over Drainage
Design: arch/deck/closed
Design Details: Closed-spandrel arch
Total Length: 0.0 Feet
Span Length: 0.0 Feet
Overview: Closed-spandrel arch bridge over Drainage on Railroad
History:
Built:
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
308288
Arch Bridge
Photo taken from Bing Aerial View
Status: Derelict/abandoned
Location: 42.420172,-94.943904
Carries Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific Railroad over Cedar Creek
Design: girder/deck/plate
Design Details: Deck plate girder
Total Length: 0.0 Feet
Span Length: 0.0 Feet
Overview: Abandoned deck plate girder bridge over Cedar Creek on Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific Railroad
History:
Built:
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
Status: Open to traffic
Location: 42.419969,-94.994277
Carries 9th Street over Unnamed North Raccoon River Tributary
Design: culvert/concrete
Design Details: Concrete culvert
Total Length: 0.0 Feet
Span Length: 0.0 Feet
Overview: Concrete culvert bridge over Unnamed North Raccoon River Tributary on 9th Street
History:
Built:
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
348971
Photo provided by Bree Ann Buckley
Status: Replaced by a new bridge
Location: 42.421501,-94.984684
Carries US 20/Main Street over Raccoon River
Design: beam/stringer/steel
Design Details: Steel stringer
Total Length: 214.9 Feet
Span Length: 82.0 Feet
Overview: Lost Steel stringer bridge over Raccoon River on US 20/Main Street
History: Built 1937; Rehabilitated 1964; Replaced 2004
Built: 1937
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
495382
US20 Raccoon River Bridge
looking west
Photo from old postcard
Status: Open to traffic
Location: 42.301820,-94.877503
Carries Canadian National Railway over Yankee Avenue
Design: beam/stringer/steel
Design Details: Concrete Encased Steel stringer
Total Length: 25.0 Feet
Span Length: 25.0 Feet
Overview: Concrete encased Steel stringer bridge over Yankee Avenue on Canadian National Railway
History: Built 1912
Built: 1912
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
441422
CN Yankee Avenue Bridge
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441423
CN Yankee Avenue Bridge
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441424
CN Yankee Avenue Bridge
West Abutment
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441425
CN Yankee Avenue Bridge
East Abutment
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441426
CN Yankee Avenue Bridge
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441427
CN Yankee Avenue Bridge
Deterioration
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441428
CN Yankee Avenue Bridge
Beam
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441429
CN Yankee Avenue Bridge
Deterioration
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441430
CN Yankee Avenue Bridge
East abutment
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441431
CN Yankee Avenue Bridge
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441432
CN Yankee Avenue Bridge
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
Status: Open to traffic
Location: 42.295272,-94.892150
Carries Canadian National Railway over Xavier Avenue
Design: beam/stringer/steel
Design Details: Concrete Encased Steel stringer
Total Length: 48.0 Feet
Span Length: 24.0 Feet
Overview: Concrete encased Steel stringer bridge over Xavier Avenue on Canadian National Railway
History: Built 1915
Built: 1915
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
441433
CN Xavier Avenue Bridge
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441434
CN Xavier Avenue Bridge
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441435
CN Xavier Avenue Bridge
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441436
CN Xavier Avenue Bridge
West Abutment
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441437
CN Xavier Avenue Bridge
East Abutment
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441438
CN Xavier Avenue Bridge
East Span
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441439
CN Xavier Avenue Bridge
Pier
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441440
CN Xavier Avenue Bridge
West Span
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441441
CN Xavier Avenue Bridge
Blocking unused side
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441442
CN Xavier Avenue Bridge
East abutment
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441443
CN Xavier Avenue Bridge
Under bridge
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441444
CN Xavier Avenue Bridge
Refinished
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441445
CN Xavier Avenue Bridge
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441446
CN Xavier Avenue Bridge
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441447
CN Xavier Avenue Bridge
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
Status: Open to traffic
Location: 42.259972,-95.026763
Carries Canadian National Railway over Wall Lake Inlet
Design: arch/deck/closed
Design Details: Closed-spandrel arch
Total Length: 45.0 Feet
Span Length: 15.0 Feet
Overview: Closed-spandrel arch bridge over Wall Lake Inlet on Canadian National Railway
History: Built 1911
Built: 1911
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
441448
CN Wall Lake Inlet Bridge
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441449
CN Wall Lake Inlet Bridge
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441450
CN Wall Lake Inlet Bridge
East Wall
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441451
CN Wall Lake Inlet Bridge
East Span
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441452
CN Wall Lake Inlet Bridge
Middle Span
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441453
CN Wall Lake Inlet Bridge
East Pier
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441454
CN Wall Lake Inlet Bridge
West End
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441455
CN Wall Lake Inlet Bridge
West span
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441456
CN Wall Lake Inlet Bridge
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441457
CN Wall Lake Inlet Bridge
Wing Wall
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441458
CN Wall Lake Inlet Bridge
West Wall
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441459
CN Wall Lake Inlet Bridge
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441460
CN Wall Lake Inlet Bridge
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441461
CN Wall Lake Inlet Bridge
East Wall
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441462
CN Wall Lake Inlet Bridge
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441463
CN Wall Lake Inlet Bridge
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441464
CN Wall Lake Inlet Bridge
Looking West
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441465
CN Wall Lake Inlet Bridge
Looking West
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441466
CN Wall Lake Inlet Bridge
Looking East
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
Status: Open to traffic
Location: 42.258955,-95.033758
Carries Canadian National Railway over Field Drainage
Design: arch/deck/closed
Design Details: Closed-spandrel arch
Total Length: 6.0 Feet
Span Length: 6.0 Feet
Overview: Closed-spandrel arch bridge over Field Drainage on Canadian National Railway
History: Built 1899
Built: 1899
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
441485
CN Bridge #422.8
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441486
CN Bridge #422.8
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441487
CN Bridge #422.8
Wing Wall
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441488
CN Bridge #422.8
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441489
CN Bridge #422.8
East Wall
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441490
CN Bridge #422.8
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441491
CN Bridge #422.8
East Wall
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
Status: Open to traffic
Location: 42.227519,-95.163041
Carries Canadian National Railway over Tributary of Boyer River
Design: girder/pony/plate
Design Details: Pony plate girder
Total Length: 95.0 Feet
Span Length: 95.0 Feet
Overview: Pony/through plate girder bridge over Tributary of Boyer River on Canadian National Railway
History: Built 1900
Built: 1900
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
441492
CN Bridge #430.0
Looking East
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441493
CN Bridge #430.0
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441494
CN Bridge #430.0
West Abutment
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441495
CN Bridge #430.0
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441496
CN Bridge #430.0
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441497
CN Bridge #430.0
Looking East
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441498
CN Bridge #430.0
Overview
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441499
CN Bridge #430.0
East Abutment
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441500
CN Bridge #430.0
Below Deck
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441501
CN Bridge #430.0
West Abutment
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441502
CN Bridge #430.0
Floor details
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441503
CN Bridge #430.0
Looking West
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
441504
CN Bridge #430.0
From road
Photo taken by John Marvig in December 2018
Status: Replaced by a new bridge
Location: 42.298519,-94.882868
Carries Illinois Central Railroad over Raccoon River
Design: truss/deck/pratt
Design Details: From east to west:
3-30' Deck Girders (1899)
1-34' Deck Lattice Span (1888, Replaced 1945)
5-150' Pratt Deck Trusses (1889)
Total Length: 878.0 Feet
Span Length: 150.0 Feet
Overview: Lost Pratt deck truss bridge over Raccoon River on Illinois Central Railroad
History: Built 1910 using an assortment of relocated parts
Built:
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
Status: Open to traffic
Location: 42.311292,-95.052517
Carries Ia 175 over High Street
Design: culvert
Design Details: Culvert
Total Length: 40.0 Feet
Span Length: 40.0 Feet
Overview: Culvert bridge over High Street on Ia 175
History: Built 1934
Built: 1934
Location: Sac County
View Bridge Information In Wayback Machine
Special Bridge Conditions Legend: R - Former location of relocated bridge. ! - At risk for demolition or destruction. X - Confirmed demolished or collapsed. S - Dismantled and/or in storage. L - Severe loss of historic integrity due to alteration.
